In this study, the effects of pulse elecrocoagulation (PEC) process on apple juice clarification was investigated. Influences of three variables of pulse time (1, 3 and 5 seconds), process time (5, 10, 30 and 45 minutes), and electrical current (0.03, 0.1 and 0.5 Ampere) on process efficiency were studied in three repeats. The results revealed that the minimal turbidity 5 NTU was achieved at 0.03 ampere of electrical current, 5 minutes of pulse time, process time 30 minutes, and natural juice pH (pH=3.5). In order to attaint apple juice turbidity standard level, the synergistic effect of low amounts of pectinase, amylase, and gelatine fining agents were used as co-coagulant. Using this method reached turbidity up to 3 NTU wich is very close to industrial standard turbidity (2 NTU) and this level is generaly required to produce stable clarified juice. This study showed that PEC can successfully be used as an alternative or an auxiliary method for juice clarification because of high turbididy removal potential in noticeable lower process time and lower amounts clarifying agents.

Predictor-corrector (PC) methods for the numerical solution of stiff ODEs can be extended to include the second derivative of the solution. In this paper, we consider second derivative PC methods with the three-step second derivative Adams-Bashforth as predictor and two-step second derivative Adams-Moulton as corrector which both methods have order six. Implementation of the proposed PC method is discussed by providing Nordsieck representation of the method and preparing an starting procedure, an estimate for local truncation error and a formula for changing stepsize. Efficiency and capability of the method are shown by some numerical experiments.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a strong tool for non-destructive detection of buried targets. This radar can determine the location and shape of targets based on the received signals from the electromagnetic waves transmitted to the ground. In this paper, we intend to determine the depth and diameter of buried cylindrical conductor targets in an unknown background environment using the ground penetrating radar. Examples include the detection of water, oil or gas pipes buried under the ground. For this purpose, the SAR algorithm is used and a new method for estimating the depth and diameter of the scatterer is proposed, assuming that relative permittivity of the host environment is not known. The geometry of the problem is two-dimensional and the configuration of the antennas is similar to that of the commercial ones, which is multi-monostatic. For assessment, the proposed method is implemented on the raw data related to buried targets at the depth of 1m. The GPRMAX_2Dsoftware is used to provide raw data to reconstruct the shape of scatterer. Results show that the scatterer depth and diameter are estimated with acceptable accuracy.

This study examines the influence of electrolyte parameters on the synthesis of Cu2O semiconductor nanostructures. Cu2O nanostructures were synthesized using the electrodeposition method for application in photoelectrochemical water splitting. The study focused on investigating the effects of electrolyte pH and temperature during the synthesis process. Cuprous oxide is considered a promising p-type semiconductor due to its excellent light absorption in the solar spectrum window. It is an attractive semiconductor for photoelectrochemical water splitting, given its high theoretical efficiency for this process. Various characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were used to analyze the structural properties of the synthesized Cu2O. The photoelectrochemical activity of the synthesized samples was evaluated using current-voltage measurements. The results suggest that the optimal electrolyte conditions for Cu2O synthesis were achieved at pH 13 and electrolyte temperature of 60°C.

Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in social media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, distance metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our study, two commonly used distance metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on social networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, distance metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine distance is weakly better than other distance metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.

In this paper, electromagnetic (EM) scatterings from electrically large Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) and Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC) targets coated with Uniaxial Electric Anisotropic Medium (UEAM) layer are evaluated and compared. The effect of the coating layer’ s parameters including ε u, ε v and the thickness (d) are studied. It is shown that radar cross section (RCS) of a PMC with UEAM coating is less than that of PEC with the same coating. In some cases, about 20 dB reduction in RCS has been obtained for UEAM coated PMC plate.

Four important ways of religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of religious education methods through discovering the nature of religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.

Stress and residual stress are the main problems in the operating materials. They are the principal causes of material failure and may affect life time of component. However measurement or their predictions are typically difficult. Two common non-destructive methods, X-ray diffraction and ultrasound are not reliable methods for subsurface residual stress measurements, and destructive holedrilling method is not absolutely precise and safe. In this study, the PEC method was applied to the qualitative and quantitative measurements of stress in aluminum alloy specimens. PEC is a high performance non-destructive testing technique but its application in stress and residual measurement is unknown. In this study a qualitative and quantitative approach for measuring residual stress by PEC technique was developed. Results indicated that pulsed eddy current responses are sensitive to stress and revealed that PEC method is capable of residual stress measurements.

Knowing the approaches of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) of Quranic researching provides the basis for understanding, analyzing and criticizing their views and opinions, because tafsīr (Arabic: تفسیر, exegesis) texts are influenced by the commentator’s worldview and mental ideas, as well as a reflection of the cultural and social requirements of his era. One of the issues that has recently become a subject in the field of understanding and interpreting the Holy Book of Quran is the effect of gender element in the understanding of religious texts. Therefore, this research, using descriptive-analytical method in a comparative context, has investigated the tendency, Fundamentals and exegetical methods of “Āmina Wadud” (Arabic: آمنة ودود) and “ʿĀʾisha Bint al-Shāṭi” (عائشة بِنت الشاطئ) two of the Quran researchers. The obtained results indicate that the interpretative tendency of Āmina Wadud is social, transsexual and justice-oriented. She has used the hermeneutic method and philosophical analysis in explaining the discourses of the Qur'an in this regard. The tendency of the fundamentals and methods in the Quranic understanding of Āmina Wadud in her social commentary leads her to Islamic rulings in the field of women in order to present a new and modern reading of them. But Bint al-Shāṭi’s exegesis tendency is theological literary in line with the Quran’s verbal inimitability (Arabic: الإِعجاز البیانیّ, Romanized: al-Iʾjāz) of the Holy Book of Quran. She is trying to put emphasis and style (the methods used in written language) on the verbal inimitability of the Holy Book of Quran by a linguistic point of view in line with the method of verbal exegesis.

Pollution deriving from trace elements (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, As and Cr) in sediment samples (collected in 2009), belonging to rivers located in Catalonia and the Basque Country (Spain), was assessed according to sediment quality guidelines. Sediment samples were ranked in terms of a pollution index that takes into account the presence of multiple pollutants such as trace elements. While only about 10% of samples located in rivers of Catalonia showed significant potential toxicity related to trace elements, about 53% of samples located in rivers of the Basque Country showed several potential toxicity issues related to these pollutants. Extremely high trace element concentrations were measured in some samples from this latter region, constituting a clear potential risk to the benthic fauna. The use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) such as Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to classify sites according to their similar quality was found to be a reliable tool that can be incorporated in sediment quality assessments that include large datasets.